Can Vega of a Double-No-Touch be Positive?
While teaching classes on FX exotics over the last 20 years, there isn’t one day I don’t learn something new. In today’s example I would like to share one of the things I learned about the vega of a double-no-touch (DNT).
The DNT pays a fixed amount of currency at maturity if the FX spot trades inside are pre-specified range between inception of the trade and maturity. The range is often chosen symmetrically around initial spot. Buying a DNT will generate a short vega position, which means that if volatility goes up, then the value of the DNT goes down. This is quite intuitive: if volatility goes up, then the probability of the spot hitting any of the two barriers increases; therefore, the chance of getting a payment will be lower. This intuition is very easy to follow, isn’t it? So when I ask if vega of a DNT can be positive, then one of the common answers I get is that it can be if I go short a DNT. This is obviously not what I had in mind.
When we look at the vega profile of a (long) DNT, we easily verify by visual inspection that it is indeed negative. Whether it has two minima or just one depends on the variance, i.e. the product of volatility squared times the remaining time to go. Furthermore, vega must be zero on the barriers, which is where the value of the DNT is zero and terminates once the spot hits any of the barriers. In the example I consider a 1-year DNT in EUR/USD with range 1.0000 to 1.2000 and an initial spot of 1.1200.
Looking at the chart carefully, we spot a slightly positive vega near the 1.2000 barrier. When I first spotted this, I found it quite disturbing, and initially I thought it must be one of these features of the new Excel version. But, after zooming in to the range 1.1800 to 1.2000, I realized that vega did indeed appear positive.
I double checked my code, verified the formula with finite differences and could not find a mistake. So what was going on?
Taking a USD interest rate of 5% and EUR interest rate of 1.5%, we generate a forward curve moving strongly up, so starting from 1.1900, the forward rate reaches the barrier 1.2000 in one quarter. Hence, just looking at the forward curve, we can be sure the DNT will terminate early. This would happen if we didn’t have volatility and the spot would just follow the forward curve. Consequently, with a very low volatility (4% in my example), the spot will stick to the forward curve very closely and lead to an almost sure early termination of the DNT and therefore a zero payoff. Then increasing the volatility will effectively increase the probability of the spot staying away from the upper barrier, in which case the vega is positive for this zone.
And surely, you must have known this feature for a long time☺
Professor Dr. Uwe Wystup, Managing Director of MathFinance AG
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